Cryptocurrency as Funds in Escrow Transactions?

An escrow officer's main duty in any transaction, be it a real estate sale, liquor license transfer, or hard money loan, is to act as a neutral third party between the buyer and seller (or lender and borrower). The escrow officer holds funds in a trust account and only disburses those funds once both parties have fulfilled all of their obligations in the transaction. Sometimes those obligations entail performing repairs or professional inspections, and sometimes it's just a short period (often 30 or 60 days) in which the escrow officer can get all of the necessities taken care of (Grant Deed, Change of Title, insurance, property liens, etc). Throughout this process, the escrow agent has a fiduciary duty to safeguard the funds in the trust account until such time as they can be disbursed.

Because an escrow officer almost always has to hold onto funds for some amount of time (even in all-cash offers), the funds need to be in the form of a currency that will retain its value. Until recently, that was simple. In the United States, the value of the dollar fluctuates very slightly each year with respect to the currency of other nations, but will generally be worth approximately the same amount from one day to the next. An issue may arise if the buyer wants to pay with funds that are not American currency, or even any type of national currency. In some cases, buyers want to make a purchase using Bitcoin.

Bitcoin is a well-known type of blockchain-based cryptocurrency. A blockchain is a decentralized record of all transactions happening within an online peer-to-peer network. The benefit of such an innovation is to allow users to confirm the transfer of funds without the need for a third-party like a bank to wire the funds. Cryptocurrency is the "currency" that is being transferred through the online blockchain. In a general sense, cryptocurrency is a chunk of data that can be easily transferred between users. While cryptocurrency is a convenient way to transfer funds, there are several downsides. First, cryptocurrency has no intrinsic value. One Bitcoin is only worth as much as someone is willing to pay you for it. There is no guaranteed trade-in value for paper currency or other commodities such as gold or diamonds. Second, cryptocurrency has no physical form. There are no bills or coins -- nothing except a block of data that says how much currency a user owns.

Unlike the U.S. dollar, cryptocurrency doesn't have a stable value. There are owners of Bitcoin who put in thousands of dollars just to lose it all in days, and there are users who saw their Bitcoin investment increase a thousand-fold over the course of a year. There's no way of predicting if the value of a cryptocurrency will go up or down, as the value is determined by how much people want it. It is a currency that exists in the minds of its users. If all buyers are willing to pay $10,000 for one Bitcoin, then that's the value of the Bitcoin. If all buyers are only willing to pay $100 per Bitcoin, then that's its value. Such an unstable currency is unusable by an escrow officer because there's no guarantee that the seller will receive the amount of real money (U.S. dollars) that they had assumed based on the price of the cryptocurrency at the time when the purchase agreement was signed. During the 30 or 60 day escrow, while the currency is sitting in a trust account, it could just as easily go up in value as it could go down. That kind of volatility is bad for business, so even if a buyer can find a seller willing to accept the cryptocurrency, Escrow companies cannot accept this as currency as Bitcoin does not qualify as verified “good funds”.

Finally, there's the major issue that blockchain is decentralized, which means it doesn't have any official (governmental or otherwise) institutions backing up the currency. The decentralization is a good aspect to many users since it makes the transfer of funds relatively inexpensive, fast, and painless. However, decentralization also means that if your blockchain account gets hacked and you lose your cryptocurrency, you're on your own. With centralized systems (such as banks or credit cards), if you are the victim of cybercrime, your funds will generally still be safe, and the financial institution will take the burden of dealing with law enforcement in tracking down the criminal and getting the money back. With blockchain, there's nothing proving that a piece of cryptocurrency belongs to you. It's just a chunk of online data associated with an online account that someone else might gain access to. This is why the inherent instability of cryptocurrency in its current form is not an acceptable means of funding an escrow transaction. Perhaps in time, and with more regulation and security this could be the way of the future, though for now, escrow companies do not accept Bitcoin in lieu of U.S. currency.

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Sheltered Harbor Program Uses "Buddy System" to Protect Financial Institutions from Cyber-Criminals

Increased prevalence of new technologies in pretty much every industry over the past few decades has led to improved quality and efficiency of service across the board. While technological improvements have, as a whole, provided more benefits than drawbacks in the modern day, one major concern has made its way to the forefront in recent years. With the technological advances has come cyber attacks, which put personal data and financial information at risk. Yalman Onaran's article in the L.A. Times discusses a method that financial institutions have been developing to protect trillions of dollars in funds from hackers.

From checking and savings accounts to retirement and pension funds, there are trillions of dollars being stored through various banks and brokers. Those assets tend to be insured, such as in the case of a bank robbery, the clients of the bank will get their money back. The difference between a physical robbery and theft via cyber attack is that hackers will often delete data from the targeted system, which can lead to great turmoil for a banking institution without sufficient backup data.

Many of the larger companies keep their data backed up on private secure servers, but that doesn't help much if the cyber attack shuts down their entire system. In a situation where the entire system is targeted and taken down, it can take days or even weeks for the company to get everything running properly again. The main issue with that, especially among banks, is that their customers need to access their accounts on a daily basis. The average person can't just wait uncertainly for days on end without access to the money in their checking account.

Financial institutions began to worry that such a hack at any banking entity, no matter how small, could cause significant ripples throughout the entire financial system. For example, if people hear that a bank was hacked (even if the bank is not theirs), and if they see that the customers of that bank can't access their money, they would be less likely to trust their own bank and could possibly go to withdraw their money, to prevent their funds from getting tied up if their bank was hacked. If enough people followed suit, it would become a wave that could crash the entire infrastructure, as banks don't actually have enough money in-house to cover most of their customers, since they lend out the majority of it to other customers.

A project called Sheltered Harbor is aiming to avoid such potential issues by teaming up financial institutions. By pairing them up, if one bank was hacked and had their system shut down for any length of time, the other bank would have a backup of their data and could assist their customers. The same would work in reverse. So, unless a sophisticated cybercriminal could predict and target the exact banking institutions that had been paired, Sheltered Harbor's system should be able to prevent an all-out meltdown of the financial system. That means that trillions of dollars in savings and retirement accounts will remain protected.

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Proposed Bill to Help Widowed Spouses Renegotiate Mortgage Rates

Under current practice in California, if a widowed spouse is an owner of their home, but wasn't on the mortgage note at the time of their husband or wife's passing, obtaining a loan modification can be extremely difficult. Often, when the overall household income goes down due to a spouse's death, the surviving spouse will have trouble coming up with the monthly payment on a mortgage that was determined earlier on based on two salaries instead of just the one. Additionally, laws don't protect widows and widowers from being foreclosed upon while trying to get their bearings. Fortunately, as described by Andrew Khouri in his L.A. Times article, a few Senators have proposed a bill to try to help people stuck in that kind of predicament.

A common practice by banks in these situations is called "dual tracking." Dual tracking simply means that a bank is pursuing a foreclosure while also negotiating a modified mortgage with the client at the same time. Through that method, banks are able to cover all of their bases and make sure that they don't get stuck in an endless cycle of paperwork. Unfortunately, that leaves widowed homeowners trapped. While loan servicers will generally accept payments from the surviving spouse, they rarely can get through all the red tape around proving ownership before the foreclosure has completed. So, in many of these situations, unless the surviving spouse has some way of making up the difference in monthly loan payment for long enough to hold off a foreclosure, they end up losing their home due to no real fault of their own.

One of the benefits to homeowners of the new bill being proposed is that dual tracking will be banned. In other words, foreclosure proceedings are put on hold while all of the required documentation is taken care of. Only once the lender and borrower have finished negotiating the loan modification can any necessary foreclosure continue. This provision in the bill can hold off foreclosure for a limited amount of time, but it only applies to major financial institutions. Smaller banks are exempt from the regulations, which makes sense since smaller lenders are less able to afford to grant extensions on their loans.

The bill, Senate Bill 1150, has been amended a few times and has since been passed by the Senate and Assembly. One important amendment added to the bill was a three-year sunset provision, which means that the bill will have to be formally renewed every three years or it will be thrown out. Legislators hope that the new laws will help to fix the system that punishes widowed homeowners for factors beyond their control. Since the bill has already been passed, all that is left is for the governor to sign it into law. Then, we shall see how much the system really changes.

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How to Make a Successful Retirement Plan

Even for those people who love what they do, retirement is one of those things that constantly stays in the back of everyone's mind. To determine when you'll be ready for retirement, there are a variety of factors that have to be weighed. What percentage of your income can you be comfortable living on? Do you plan to retire completely or try out a new career? These questions and more help to determine how long you would have to work before retiring. Dave Rowan's L.A. Times article sums up some of the major points made by financial planning expert Craig Israelson on the finances behind a successful retirement.

The first topic he mentions is known as the "4% Rule." According to this rule, it is possible to withdraw 4% of one's retirement savings from an investment portfolio each year without ever running out of money. Financial planners set the optimal amount at 4%, but some retirees have to withdraw less, while others who have saved for longer are able to withdraw more without running out. This concept, however, doesn't really help people in their 40s or 50s, who are planning for a retirement in the distant future. For those closer to retirement, the 4% Rule helps because it allows them to determine if they have enough money in savings to combine with other sources of retirement income and have enough money to cover a projected budget.

Israelson has a different method called "RAM" that allows younger people to plan for retirement far down the line. This method involves a lot more mathematical calculations but gives future retirees a way to calculate how financially stable they would be at each age. RAM, or retirement account multiple, calculates the probability that a retiree would never run out of money if they retired at 65, lived to 100, and withdrew half of their final yearly salary (the salary being earned at 65 based on inflation rate of 3%) as an addition to other retirement income like Social Security. Based on Israelson's calculations, a RAM value of 7 or higher means that the retiree is in good shape and will have over 70% likelihood of never running out of money if they live to 100 years old. A RAM value of 18 or higher means that the retiree will never run out of money, no matter how the economy changes.

The RAM is calculated as follows:

First, the retiree's final salary is calculated based on a 3% inflation rate.

Final Salary = Current Salary x (1.03)^(65 - Current Age)

Next, the total amount the retiree will have in savings is calculated based on an average value of 7% as the increase in the value of their retirement portfolio.

Final Retirement Savings = Current Savings x (1.07)^(65 - Current Age)

Finally, the RAM value is calculated using those two values.

Projected RAM = Final Retirement Savings / Final Salary

The more you are able to save now, the better off you will be in the long run. However, it depends on the person. Some people are comfortable with spending money now to enjoy a higher standard of living, even if it means they will have a RAM score closer to 7. Others look for any way to reduce expenditures today in order to get a RAM closer to 18, to ensure that they won't have to worry about their future finances. Additionally, the previous RAM calculations didn't include additions to the retirement portfolio. If someone were to continuously save and invest more money toward retirement, they would find their RAM value increasing, based on the following calculation:

Extra Retirement Savings = [(Current Salary + Final Salary) / 2] x (Savings Rate) x (65 - Current Age)

Of course, these calculations aren't perfect, since the economy is constantly fluctuating and many assumptions have to be made about future income and changes in saving patterns. However, it should be able to give savers a good look at how well off they will be in their retired years. The RAM is simply an approximation method, not an exact science, but it should give people a sense of whether they will retire successfully and how long they may have to wait to do so. 

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CFPB Proposes New Regulations on Payday Loans

In an attempt to avoid situations in which borrowers get stuck in an endless cycle of debt, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) released a set of new proposals this Thursday to regulate the market for payday loans and certain types of credit known as being "debt traps." James Rufus Koren, in his L.A. Times article, discusses the new rules and the effects they may have on the economy.

A payday loan is a special type of loan with very high interest rates that is made on the condition that the borrower will pay it back as soon as they receive their paycheck. Unfortunately, according to CFPB Director Richard Cordray, lenders often make the loans knowing that borrowers can't pay them back and will end up stuck in a never-ending cycle of debt. The new rules aim to limit the number of loans a consumer can take out in a year and make the lenders review the finances of potential borrowers much more thoroughly before making a loan. In a healthy credit market, lending and borrowing money should be a win-win situation. Both parties, not just the lender, should benefit from the transaction, and that is the situation the CFPB is trying to remedy.

Lenders have been outraged by the proposed changes, claiming that it will make their business more costly and will cause most of their loans to become unprofitable. The CFPB has responded that it isn't looking to put lenders out of business. Rather, the organization is trying to make sure that customers don't get stuck in debt traps, where they pay off a loan just to find out that they need to take out another loan to have enough money for day-to-day living costs. The new regulations will force the lenders to do in-depth analysis on income and living expenses to determine whether they will be able to make the payments every month without running out of money.

Already, the CFPB has enacted similar regulations for banks and mortgage lenders, but payday lenders may be right in complaining that the new rules are unfair or insensible. Many claim that the process will add time and cost, which hurts everyone. Under current practice, a borrower can walk into a loan branch and leave 20 minutes later with a $250 loan. A detailed analysis of "take-home pay" and expenditures would probably add a lot of cost in the form of fees, which could drive away potential borrowers. Those borrowers could end up going elsewhere to find their loans.

It is likely that the new regulations will naturally stop some people from getting loans. Some people worry about where those people will have to turn to make ends meet. Perhaps some will be forced to get a handle on their finances and will end up much better off in the long-run. Others will have to go to pawn shops or family members for help. Still others may turn to installment lenders, which are not covered under the new rules. The installment lender gives much larger sums of money, with smaller monthly payments over a long period of time, but the borrowers often end up paying more in interest on the loan than the actual value of the loan itself. Analysts believe that the regulations will help somewhat, but only in that they will stretch the debts out onto a longer time line, rather than reducing such debts altogether.

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Bitcoin's True Founder - Revealed at Last?

Bitcoins are a form of electronic currency first introduced to the public in 2009 by a creator who goes by the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The "mining" of these Bitcoins is performed by computer software following a mathematical proof. The software is open-sourced, which means anyone can use it and check it out to see how it works. Recently, as discussed in Samantha Masunaga's L.A. Times article, an Australian businessman and computer scientist named Craig Wright came out of the shadows and provided evidence showing that he may, in fact, be the elusive Mr. Nakamoto.

Bitcoin's protocols make it impossible to churn out an endless supply of Bitcoins; only 21 million coins can ever be produced by "miners." That's one of the things that sets the electronic currency apart from more "traditional" currencies. With dollars or Euros or any other form of government-backed currency, an unlimited number of bills and coins could theoretically be printed. Sometimes it is done to provide a shock to try to start a stagnant economy, but, more often than not, it results in massive inflation and more economic downturn than before. There is a limit on the number of Bitcoins in the world, which means their value is pretty stable, and inflation doesn't really exist.

Additionally, while central banks can charge exorbitant fees to someone trying to open up an account or someone trying to send funds internationally, Bitcoin cuts out many of those fees. A Bitcoin account can be created in a matter of seconds, with no fees. The decentralization of Bitcoin's network means that there is no bank to default on any loans, so you know your "funds" are safe. Best of all, the network is extremely transparent since every transaction is recorded in a secure "blockchain" that can be added to, but never changed. Unfortunately, most normal retailers don't accept Bitcoin as a form of payment. Over recent years, however, Bitcoin has become much more prevalent, especially with online retailers, so it is expected to come into more widespread use.

Although Wright, an entrepreneur with several masters' degrees and a couple of doctorates, came out with some proof showing that he may be the true creator of Bitcoin, there are still many doubters. In his digital messages claiming to be "Satoshi Nakamoto," he signed off using certain cryptographic keys that could be found in Nakamoto's work in the early days of Bitcoin. He also published a very technical post on his blog with information that no one but Bitcoin's true creator should have. Wright claims that he has chosen now to reveal his identity because he is tired of the misinformation being spread about Bitcoin and its stability. Additionally, the media has long suspected Wright's alter-ego, and he wanted to put an end to the investigations into him and his family. While he hasn't provided undeniable proof, it seems very likely that Satoshi Nakamoto's secret identity has finally been revealed to the world.

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BEWARE - You and Your Clients Are a Target For This Real Estate Scam

Cyber-criminals are finding new methods every day to steal personal and financial information. Their techniques range from phishing scams to buffer overflow techniques and brute-force password hacking. Banking institutions have found themselves under attack far more than usual in recent years, and have in turn begun to incorporate stronger security measures in an attempt to block hackers. As a result, many scammers/hackers have moved on to what they believe are "easier targets." focusing on normal people rather than financial institutions, Just last week, the Federal Trade Commission and the National Association of Realtors issued a warning to consumers that they must be hyper-vigilant in order to avoid recent phishing schemes that have been targeting closing costs on real estate transactions.

The National Association of Realtors, along with the Federal Trade Commission, issued their statement warning people to be on the look-out for a specific scheme targeting those involved in a real estate transaction. First, the hackers gain access to the email account of a customer, real estate agent, or escrow officer, and use the information to keep up-to-date on the transaction and determine the closing date. When they have figured out the closing date, the scammer sends an email that has been masked in such a way that they are able to impersonate the escrow company, title company, or real estate agent, telling the customer that the wiring instructions had a last-minute change. If the customer takes the bait, they send their funds to the scammer's account, which can be emptied in minutes.

Sepulveda Escrow utilizes encrypted and secure email when sending documents with sensitive and confidential information. In addition, documents can be returned via email through this secure portal. Sepulveda Escrow has also instituted new procedures to contact Clients directly to confirm details, rather than relying on email or contact through a third party. (Please see end of this blog for some helpful tips.)

It is imperative to know that cyber criminals don't always need to be able to break through firewalls or use high-tech software to get your personal information or access your computer's data. Quite often, hackers use more subtle tricks to gain access. Phishing schemes are one of the most common ways by which they trick potential targets. One example of phishing is when a hacker sends a mass email to a group of people, and makes it look like the email comes from a bank or other online payment platform. The email requests that the recipient verify their login information by following a link. The link leads to a page that closely resembles the actual login page for the financial institution, but when the user inputs their login information, the hacker records the username and password, thereby enabling them to access the account and steal their money.

Another example of phishing is when a hacker contacts a target or a group of targets under the guise of an Official informing them that they have been the victim of a scam. They then tell the recipient that they can help them fix the damage, but first ask for certain sensitive information like Social Security number or bank information, to "verify" what data had been "stolen."  While you may look at this and think that the scheme is too obvious to be effective, statistics show that approximately 0.4% of recipients fall prey to such attacks. In other words, if a mass email is sent to 10,000 people, about 40 of them will have their information successfully stolen.

While phishing is historically the easiest and most effective method by which hackers are able to steal personal or financial information, there are several other methods. A buffer overflow attack, used by more sophisticated hackers, involves inputting many lines of code into an online form in order to overload the system and allow the hacker to steal data inputted by previous customers. A brute-force password hack involves a computer program that inputs all kinds of combinations of letters, numbers, and symbols, until the correct password has been found and the hacker has gained access to an email or other kind of online account.

Finally, hackers often package viruses or worms into free online software or as attachments to mass emails. Such viruses can enable the hacker to record keystrokes, thus giving them access to many of your passwords, or enable them to access built-in microphones or webcams on laptops. Simply opening such an email or downloading an infected attachment can lead to a virus being installed on your computer or mobile device. Fortunately, anti-virus software can often help to detect and remove these viruses, but hackers are constantly finding new ways to avoid detection by your anti-virus program. The best way to avoid getting such viruses is to be careful when downloading anything, and to avoid opening any emails that seem suspicious or come from unknown or unreliable sources.

Here are some tips to help you avoid being affected by similar scams. First and foremost, if something doesn't look right or feels even a little bit suspicious, don't hesitate to double-check it. Don't rely too much on emails. Instead, pick up the phone and call your escrow officer or realtor to make sure that everything you have received is correct. Don't open email attachments you aren't expecting. Additionally, you shouldn't trust financial information that has been sent via email, nor should you send any of your own financial information via email, because it usually isn't secure. In general, wiring instructions are sent by fax or encrypted email message. When inputting personal information on a website, check the address for "https," of which the "s" stands for secure, meaning that your information will be better protected.

Be very careful when opening attachments or downloading anything from an email, no matter who sent it to you. Just because you recognize the email address, doesn't mean that the message actually came from the person you associate with that email address. It's possible that a scammer could have hacked a friend's email, or could have disguised their email to appear as if the message came from a friend's email address. Proceed with caution. Being aware and cautious can save you a lot of hassle in the long run. 

Biggest Tip: Following up on the phone after sending an email may seem burdensome, but we at Sepulveda Escrow find that it is always worthwhile to go the extra mile to avoid financial losses and potential lawsuits.

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Banks to Incorporate Biometric Scanning to Help Prevent Hacking on Mobile Platforms

Due to hackers and other cyber criminals, online security has become a major issue around the world. In an attempt to protect their users' information, various websites have enacted different countermeasures to increase security and prevent hacking, but criminals seem to be evolving with technology. Furthermore, many of the extra safety measures, while they do a good job of protecting users, are often viewed as too confusing or time-consuming. James Koren, in his L.A. Times article, describes Wells Fargo's newest security measures: eye scanning and facial/voice recognition.

Banks and credit card companies tend to be the main targets of hackers and scammers looking to steal money and/or identification information. With a relatively small amount of information about you, a cyber criminal can apply for credit cards, open up bank accounts, and rack up thousands of dollars in debt under your name before you are any the wiser. Banks like Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, and Wells Fargo are constantly looking for better ways to protect their customers without causing more of a hassle. What they have concluded is that the best method, at least for the time being, is the use of biometric markers, which, with current technology, are nearly impossible to forge.

The average consumer wants to be well protected, yet doesn't want to have to put in a lot of effort in order to obtain that protection. For example, Google, among other websites, has a feature called 2-Step Verification. When you make an account with Google, you have the option to save a phone number to your account. Then, every time you try to log in to your account on a computer that you have not saved, Google requires that you input your username, password, and a six digit code that is sent in a text message to the provided phone number. While this system essentially prevents hackers from getting into your account via brute force attacks, it can also be pretty annoying for users who have to log on to multiple computers/devices in any given day.

Besides lengthy, multiple-step encryption, there is also the simple issue of having to remember several different passwords for different websites, each with different formatting requirements. Each website doesn't want you to use the same password on another site, in case one of the websites gets hacked, but how is the average user supposed to remember upward of 5 passwords, and recall which one goes to which website? Biometrics seems to be the best of both worlds for both time-conscious and safety-conscious customers. Currently, fingerprint-scanning is huge in the marketplace, as new phones by Apple and Samsung are coming with built-in fingerprint scanning capabilities. Some banks are already offering fingerprint-based mobile access to non-business customers. However, for commercial customers, who have much larger accounts, and therefore much more to lose to cyber criminals, the banks want to use additional biometric markers to help ensure the security.

Wells Fargo's new service will use a phone's front-facing camera to look at the pattern of blood vessels on a user's retina. This pattern of blood vessels is just as unique as an individual's fingerprint and, therefore, provides just as much security.  Additionally, users could log in to their account using facial/voice recognition. A user holds their phone so that the front-facing camera can see them, and reads a series of numbers that appear on the screen. A combination of recorded voice data and facial structure data will determine if the user is who they claim to be. In all, these new features should provide a much easier and safer experience for all users, especially business customers who need better safety features. As of now, technology has developed to the point where biometric scanning is doable, but not yet hackable. In the future, this may change, but for the moment, biometrics is the safest course.

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Federal Reserve Hikes Interest Rates - First Time Since Great Recession Began

For the first time in seven years, since the Great Recession began in 2008, the Federal Reserve has decided to start raising its interest rate. When the recession began, pushing the interest rates as close to zero as possible was necessary to help the nearly crippled economy. The Fed raising their rates could be seen in a positive light, as a sign of confidence that the economy is getting back on track. To others, it could be a preventative measure in preparation for a future economic downturn. Jim Puzzanghera and Don Lee discuss the implications of the rate hike in their recent article in the L.A. Times.

What was seen by some as a vote of confidence in the recovering economy helped investors to feel more confident, which in turn led the Dow Jones average to rally and close up about 224 points, a substantial increase. When the Fed decides that the economy can handle an interest rate increase, this helps the average person to believe that they can more easily trust the economy to keep their money safe. This leads to more investment, which can help the economy even more on its path to recovery. When people believe in the power of the economy, it is more able to grow and meet their expectations.

On the other hand, the increase of the interest rates might be an indication of future trouble for the economy. When the economy is struggling, when the market crashes or a recession hits, the Federal Reserve is able to lower interest rates, which can lessen the impact of the economic downturn. However, if the rates are already near zero and a recession begins anew, lowering the interest rates will have no effect because they are already too low. So, if the Fed raises the interest rates now, the government can start building up revenue so that if and when the economy slows again, they can lower interest rates and pump money back into the economy to give it a jumpstart.

This decision by the Fed, although seen as "historic" by economists, will likely have little effect, at least for the time being. The benchmark federal funds rate, which affects consumer and business loans, has only increased by 0.25%, and the Fed has promised that increases in the future will come slowly. Loans on automobiles and the interests rates on credit cards will probably begin to rise slowly in the coming months, and mortgage rates have already risen slightly. Small businesses, which have been more affected by the Great Recession than their larger competitors, have shown support for the raising of the interest rate, seeing it as a step on the way to a more stable economy. After all, at this point, a quarter of a percentage point does very little to harm business growth and could do much for the future of the economy.

The rate hike has been viewed by many as the turning point for the economy. It may signal an end to the worst of the recession and a new beginning for the economy. The rates, which will grow slowly, at first, are expected to reach 1.375% by the end of 2016, which is pretty low in the grand scheme of things. In fact, the interest rate was over 5% before the Fed started lowering it due to the Great Recession. By some measurements, unemployment is down to 5%, which means that the rate hike could be necessary in order to reduce inflation. Out of fear for issues in the global economy, the Fed decided not to raise rates in September, but since then has decided that the rate hike is exactly what the US economy needs right now.

Some economists believe that the increase is a ploy by the Fed to simply fulfill a promise that was made to raise the rates by the end of the year. Whether this was the Fed's intention or not, it doesn't matter because the rates have gone up and will continue to increase. All agree that the interest rates, when increased again, should go up slowly, so as to not stifle any economic growth that they may cause. While some still fear that the rate hike is a way for the Fed to handle "negative shocks" in the economy, the Federal Reserve Chairwoman, Janet Yellen, assures the American people that the economy appears to be stable for now. She believes that the economy will continue its growth in the future and that the American people should see the rate hike in a positive light.

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How to Build, Maintain, and Repair Credit

Credit is a necessity in this day and age. Without a good credit score, it can be almost impossible to get a loan, buy a car, or purchase a house.  But what can you do if you have little to no credit? How can you get started? Well, according to David Lazarus, in his L.A. Times article, stepping into the world of credit scores and debt payments may not be as difficult as it seems.

Lazarus' sources show that over half of all American consumers have subprime credit scores. 26 million consumers have no data on file with credit companies and 19 million have information that is so outdated that it is almost useless by lenders. These Americans are unlikely to get a loan at all, and if offered, the rate on the loan will be much higher than those provided to others with better records. Lazarus focuses on two main problems: an inability to begin establishing credit and difficulty improving a low score.

There are a few types of loans that are designed to help new borrowers to start to build credit. A credit score is based on borrowing money and paying it back. So, the easiest way to establish credit is by getting a credit card from a store or a bank and using it. The key to the card is to use, not overuse. Build credit by having a balance on the credit card and paying off the balance on time each month. In this way, a lender can see that their money is in good hands. In general, when a lender gives you money, it is because you have a history of on-time payments. In fact, some credit reporting companies such as Experian and Equifax consider monthly rent payments in calculating a credit score.

After you have shown that you can handle a credit card, other loan options, such as "credit builder loans" are available, Such loans, which tend to be less than $1,000, are offered by credit unions as another path by which borrowers can show that they can be trusted. This type of loan is very interesting in that it is based specifically around building credit, rather than providing a borrower with needed money. With a credit builder loan, a designated amount of money is locked in a savings account by the lender. When the last payment has come in from the borrower, the money is released. While it would be just as easy for someone to save up their money by putting a designated amount aside each month, this "loan" allows a saver to build their credit score in the process.

As for those who have already borrowed more money than they can pay back, Lazarus assures them that all is not lost. However, do not let it get so bad that debt collectors come calling. Once the collectors show up, a mark on your file appears that will stay for up to 7 years, affecting your credit score and ability to get a loan. To avoid collection agencies, you can try working out a payment plan with your lender. Contact your creditor immediately if you think you will be behind on your payments.

If your score has already taken a hit, recovering can be difficult, but not impossible. Lazarus suggests that the first step is to get a copy of your credit report and begin paying off outstanding debts. As you pay off more debts, potential lenders tend to trust you more and more. After 7 years, the black mark on your record will disappear, which will bring your score up, but what can you do in the meantime? The best thing you can do, according to Lazarus, is just get your finances in order and avoid accruing more debts. Other than that, he assures those with bad credit that with enough time and good financial planning, things will get better.

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IRS to Undergo Changes Regarding "Structuring"

2/13/15 - The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is responsible for making sure people pay their taxes. As such, the IRS has many procedures they follow to uphold federal laws. Unfortunately, some of these procedures are flawed in that they can lead to unfair treatment of law-abiding taxpayers. In a recent Los Angeles Times article, the process by which the IRS deals with a practice called “structuring” is addressed.

Under federal law, all bank transactions over $10,000 have to be reported to the IRS. This law is meant to help federal officials catch drug dealers and money launderers. However, it is possible to avoid reporting all transactions to the IRS through “structuring,” by which large deposits are split up in such a way that less than $10,000 is deposited at any given time. The reason structuring is illegal is the assumption that the only people who would need to hide their income from the IRS are those earning money through illegal avenues. It is this practice on which the IRS has been cracking down in past years.

If a trend in your financial history shows many such deposits, which seemingly correspond to a structuring scheme, the IRS has the authority to seize your accounts, with no charges filed, for years on end in some situations. It hardly seems fair.

According to IRS Commissioner, John Koskinen, 60% of the 200 or so cases per year are not pursued by the owners of the seized accounts. This leads many to conclude that those individuals were in fact involved in illegal money practices, which could show that the practice is successful in some respects. But, what about the other 40%?

The problem with the current system is that the IRS doesn't need any proof. They don't have to know that the account holder is doing anything illegal. They just have to see that many deposits of less than $10,000 have been made in any given account. In many cases, there is very little for the law-abiding account-holder to do in response, to try to get their money back.

Some deposit smaller amounts into their accounts so as to not carry around large amounts of money between their place of business and the bank. Others simply make deposits at given times, and happen to deposit less than $10,000 at any given time. No matter what the reason, under current IRS practice, accounts can be seized under mere suspicions of possible wrongdoing. Some victims of the system eventually get their money back, but not after plenty of wasted time, stress, and legal fees.

Although the current way in which structuring is addressed has its major flaws, Koskinen assures the public that changes will be made. Congress and the IRS are working together to make sure that taxpayers are treated fairly, and to make sure that accounts will no longer be seized as long as the money in those accounts was earned legally. Although the changes may take some time to fully come to bear, it appears that when these changes are complete, the IRS will have lost some of its ability to seize money without reasonable cause.

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Hackers Gain Access To Anthem Database

2/6/15 - Over the past year, several major retailers, including Target, Home Depot, and Michael's have been victim to the cyber-attacks of hackers. The most recent target on a lengthy list of such data breaches was Anthem Blue Cross, a major health insurance provider. Chad Terhune discusses the consequences of this hack in his article in the Los Angeles Times.

While Anthem states that hackers did not gain access to credit card information and health records, they were able to access much more. From name to date of birth to Social Security number, it appears that these hackers now know most of the personal information belonging to up to 80 million individuals who have health insurance through Blue Cross.

The sheer amount of personal information gathered by the hackers is enough to be quite certain that identity theft is a likely outcome. The personal information could be used by the hackers or others to open new lines of credit, or possibly even to access and empty existing accounts. Anthem warns any who have had coverage in the past and any who are currently covered by Blue Cross to keep a watchful eye on their financial accounts, in case identity theft is the main goal of these hackers.

One of the more upsetting parts of this situation for many is the fact that the stolen information wasn't even encrypted. It's bad enough that the databases got broken into, but a lack of encryption on the stored information means that cyber-criminals have easy access to the data within those databases. In fact, Anthem was even forced to pay a fine of $1.7 million in connection to allegations by the federal government that a weakness in their security left clients' personal information open to attack. Why hasn't Anthem learned its lesson?

Anthem, along with many other companies, need to develop better safeguards and protection mechanisms to make sure that only authorized parties are able to access personal information. For a company as large as Anthem to have left data unprotected multiple times in less than two years is just irresponsible. Sure, there are hackers that can make their way past any defenses, but better protections will at least slow them down, maybe even enough to stop some of them altogether.

This is a crucial time for Anthem, due to the thousands of people trying to enroll in coverage under the Affordable Care Act. They will have to be very careful dealing with this issue, in order to convince their clients not to look elsewhere for a health insurance provider. While Anthem has dealt with the attack through the proper channels, by contacting the FBI immediately, most people would still be more comfortable trusting the large company with their information if Anthem underwent a massive overhaul of their security systems. Such a project could prevent future breaches and make all involved parties much happier.

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Each Year, Thousands Mistakenly Declared Dead

1/23/15 - How would you feel if the Social Security Administration and the world's top credit reporting companies proclaim you dead? Well, about 1,000 people per month are mistakenly declared dead by such organizations, leading to a great amount of stress and wasted time in order to reverse such decisions. In his L.A. Times article, David Lazarus describes the tale of George Sledge, a 58-year-old man who has been forced to file a lawsuit in an attempt to force the credit reporting companies to bring him back to life.

While many of the mistakenly listed individuals on Social Security Administration's “Death Master File” are there due to typographical mistakes and other such human errors, a sizable number could be avoided by simple fact-checking on the part of the credit reporting companies. Besides the amount of time you might spend convincing and arguing that you're is still alive, there are much worse consequences.

One such consequence is in regards to your credit score. When anyone is marked as dead, their credit score is automatically set to zero. While this helps to prevent identity theft, it also makes it impossible for a someone like Sledge to get a loan or sign up for a credit card, or even, in some cases, get a job. Furthermore, credit reporting companies have databases full of information that they sell or share with other companies. When someone has been declared dead in one database, it is almost as if they have been simultaneously declared dead in all other databases.

So, even if a person like Sledge were able to get a single company to take him off of the “Death Master File,” all of the other companies would still have him marked as dead. To go through the same rigorous process with every possible company would be straining, if not completely impossible. So, what could an individual in Sledge's position do?

Lazarus suggests that everyone should keep a close eye on their credit information. There are ways to report incorrect information, and if such information is found, you should take care of it sooner rather than later. Most of all, though, Lazarus states that these errors would happen much less often if companies would do their due diligence. A simple phone call might be enough to prevent a living person from being mistakenly marked as deceased, and that could make all the difference.

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Home Equity Used For Long-Term Investments

12/12/14 - A decade ago, before the Great Recession hit in full effect, it was common for people to take out a line of credit on the equity of their homes. This “quick cash” was spent non-productively, used to buy groceries or spent on vacations, rather than being used as an investment. Over time, people began to cease such “wasteful” ventures and have slowly been learning to use Home Equity Lines of Credit (HELOCs) in a smarter manner. In his article in the Los Angeles Times, Kenneth Harney describes how a recent increase in the use of such lines of credit is a good thing for the economy.

Although such HELOCs were once a way for people to pull money out of their homes for regular expenses, people have generally learned not to jeopardize the equity of their homes unless investing in something safe. For example, most of those who took money through a HELOC used it to make improvements on their homes, or to pay off higher-interest debts, such as those on credit cards. Both of these provide long-term benefits for the home-owner. Thus, it is shown that tapping into home equity is not always a bad thing. For those who make smart investments using the line of credit, home equity can be used and quickly earned back.

Until recently, most home-owners were wary of HELOCs, remembering the negative consequences that had arisen from the use of such funds for day-to-day expenses. Now, though, equity lines are up 21%, which, according to Harney's sources, could mean that people are starting to become more confident in the economy's stability. With less fear of economic collapse and an improvement in equity and interest rates, more home-owners consider a line of equity to be a “safe investment.”

Besides a stabilizing economy, HELOCs have become safer because of a crackdown by lenders. Lenders have become more careful as to who they lend to, making sure that credit scores and financial reserves are up to par. As Harney concludes, now is the time to look into home equity lines of credit. Such money, if used right, could have a dramatic economic impact, both personally and nationally.

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Banks Held Responsible for Housing Market Crash

9/12/14 - Three of the country's largest banks have been facing all kinds of financial and legal repercussions in the aftermath of the housing crash that contributed greatly to the Great Recession. Bank of America, who, in 2008, bought out a couple of failing firms: Countrywide Financial Corp. and Merrill Lynch & Co., are now suffering the consequences of “the worst deal in banking history.” An article by Jim Puzzanghera and Walter Hamilton, of the L.A. Times, described the various legal problems and penalties that Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase & Co., and Citigroup Inc. have had to face over the past year.

Even between BofA's record-breaking $16.65 billion settlement, JPMorgan Chase & Co.'s $13 billion settlement, and Citigroup Inc.'s $7 billion settlement, these three penalties only make up a fraction of the total amount gathered from such financial institutions. According to Puzzanghera and Hamilton, approximately $125 billion in settlements related to the financial crash have been paid by the six largest banking institutions alone. While some of BofA's penalties are due to the pre-recession actions of Merrill Lynch and Countrywide, every bank has problems of its own.

Out of the many billions of dollars paid in penalties and settlements by these banking institutions, over 50% of this money goes to several federal agencies, including the Securities and Exchange Commission, as well as a few states that were most affected by the banks' practices. California by itself has been designated $300 million from the settlements to help reimburse two of its largest pension funds: the Public Employees' Retirement System and the Teachers' Retirement System. The rest goes toward “ consumer relief,” which involves write-downs of mortgage principal or reductions in interest rates on the mortgage. According to Puzzanghera and Hamilton, rates could be reduced to as low as 2%.

While many people and federal institutions blame Bank of America for many of the practices that contributed to the housing crash and the Great Recession, others feel that it is unfair to punish BofA shareholders for the actions taken by executives and employees at Merrill Lynch and Countrywide. While criminal suits against Angelo Mozilo, the former Countrywide chief executive, have been dropped since his involvement didn't quite “rise to the level of a crime,” many prosecutors are continuing to pursue civil cases against him in the hopes of finding some way of holding him responsible for his actions and the actions of his employees.

Now that these proceeding are, for the most part, done with, investors can hopefully breathe easier in the coming future. According to experts, these penalties will only affect the current quarter, and that by the third quarter, profits should be back up to their usual levels. While it is great that these financial institutions are being held responsible for their decisions, I personally am skeptical as to how these penalties are going to have a long-lasting effect on pulling us out of the Great Recession. I guess we will just have to wait and see.

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Account Fees, Money Down the Drain

9/2/14 - While certain checking accounts can be cost-free, the vast majority of checking account holders are forced to pay penalties, fees, and monthly maintenance charges. Apparently, as described in an article by E. Scott Reckard, of the L.A. Times, based on information from a personal finance website called MoneyRates.com, average costs of owning a checking account are on the rise, and there's not much that any of us can do about it.

While more than one-third of all checking accounts were fee-free at the end of 2012, recent statistics show that such accounts now encompass only 28% of the total checking accounts, while the rest are drowning in new increases in “maintenance costs.” Average monthly costs for such accounts are now over $12, meaning such account holders have to pay around $150 a year just to keep an account open. Throwing away $150 a year for no real reason doesn't seem like such a good investment.

While the above statistics come from MoneyRate's surveying of 100 brick-and-mortar banking institutions, Reckard presents further evidence that a large percentage of checking accounts in credit unions and online banking institutions get through each month without any maintenance fees. According to Reckard, as much as two-thirds of all such online checking accounts are free to the user, and yet individuals still seem hesitant in trusting their checking accounts to such institutions.

People tend to dislike change, and it appears that many consumers would rather stick to a checking account they have had for years rather than shop around for an account with fee-free options, such as those for students and seniors. However, from rises in overdraft fees to a startling increase in the amount required to open a new checking account, new fees and raised prices may actually hurt banking institutions in the long run. Once individuals begin to see that the costs for accounts through such “traditional” banks are prohibitively high, we may begin to see an abrupt shift to more “unconventional” online accounts in the search for lower fees, reduced charges, and a general decrease in expenses.

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